States
======

Both elements and pads can be in different states. The states of the pads are 
linked to the state of the element so the design of the states is mainly
focused around the element states.

An element can be in 4 states. NULL, READY, PAUSED and PLAYING. When an element
is initially instantiated, it is in the NULL state.


State definitions
-----------------

 - NULL:    This is the initial state of an element. 
 - READY:   The element should be prepared to go to PAUSED.
 - PAUSED:  The element should be ready to accept and process data. Sink
            elements however only accept one buffer and then block.
 - PLAYING: The same as PAUSED except for sinks, who are now accepting
            and rendering data.

We call the sequence NULL->PLAYING an upwards state change and PLAYING->NULL
a downwards state change.


State variables
---------------

An element has a special lock to manage the state changes. This lock is called
the STATE_LOCK. 

The STATE_LOCK protects 3 element variables:

  - STATE
  - PENDING_STATE 
  - STATE_ERROR flag

The STATE always reflects the current state of the element. The PENDING_STATE
always reflects the required state of the element. The PENDING_STATE can be
VOID_PENDING if the element is in the right state. The STATE_ERROR flag 
indicates that an error occured while doing the last state change.


Setting state on elements
-------------------------

The state of an element can be changed with _element_set_state(). When chaning
the state of an element all intermediate states will also be set on the element
until the final desired state is set.

The _set_state() function can return 3 possible values:

  GST_STATE_FAILURE: The state change failed for some reason. The plugin should
                     have posted an error message on the bus with information.
  
  GST_STATE_SUCCESS: The state change is completed successfully.

  GST_STATE_ASYNC:   The state change will complete later on. This can happen 
                     When the element needs a long time to perform the state
		     change or for sinks that need to receive the first buffer
		     before they can complete the state change (preroll).

In the case of an async state change, it is not possible to proceed to the next
state until the current state change completed. After receiving an ASYNC return
value, you can use _element_get_state() to poll the status of the element.

When setting the state of an element, the PENDING_STATE is set to the required 
state and the STATE_ERROR flag is cleared. Then the state change function of the
element is called and the result of that function is used to update the STATE,
PENDING_STATE and STATE_ERROR flags. If the function returned ASYNC, this result
is immediatly returned to the caller.


Getting state of elements
-------------------------

The _get_state() function takes 3 arguments, two pointers that will hold the
current and pending state and one GTimeVal that holds a timeout value. The 
function returns a GstElementStateReturn.

 - If the element returned SUCCESS to the previous _set_state() function, this
   function will return the last state set on the element and VOID_PENDING in
   the pending state value.

 - If the element returned FAILURE to the previous _set_state() call, this 
   funciton will return FAILURE with the state set to the current state of
   the element and the pending state set to the value used in the last call
   of _set_state().

 - If the element returned ASYNC to the previous _set_state() call, this function
   will wait for the element to complete its state change up to the amount of time
   specified in the GTimeVal. 

   * If the element does not complete the state change in the specified amount of 
     time, this function will return ASYNC with the state set to the current state
     and the pending state set to the pending state.

   * If the element completes the state change within the specified timeout, this 
     function returns the updated state and VOID_PENDING as the pending state.

   * If the element aborts the ASYNC state change due to an error within the 
     specified timeout, this function returns FAILURE with the state set to last
     successfull state and pending set to the last attempt. The element should 
     also post an error message on the bus with more information about the problem.


States in GstBin
----------------

A GstBin manages the state of its children. It does this by propagating the state
changes performed on it to all of its children.  The _set_state() function on a 
bin will call the _set_state() function on all of its children. 

The children are iterated from the sink elements to the source elements. This makes
sure that when changing the state of an element, the downstream elements are in
the correct state to process the eventual buffers. In the case of a downwards
state change, the sink elements will shut down first which makes the upstream
elements shut down as well since the _push() function returns a GST_FLOW_WRONG_STATE
error.

If all the children return SUCCESS, the function returns SUCCESS as well. 

If one of the children returns FAILURE, the function returns FAILURE as well. In
this state it is possible that some elements successfuly changed state. The 
application can check which elements have a changed state, which were in error
and which were not affected by iterating the elements and calling _get_state()
on the elements.

If after calling the state function on all children, one of the children returned
ASYNC, the function returns ASYNC as well. 

The current state of the bin can be retrieved with _get_state(). This function will
call the _get_state() function on all the elements. If one of the children returns
FAILURE or ASYNC, the bin reports FAILURE or ASYNC respectively. The bin also
updates its state variables after polling its children, this means that the state
variables of the bin are only updated after calling _get_state() on the bin.

The _get_state() function will be called on the children with the same timout value
so the function can potentially block timeout*num_children.


Implementing states in elements
-------------------------------

READY
-----