
          DVD subtitles
         ---------------


  0. Introduction
  1. Basics
  2. The data structure
  3. Reading the control header
  4. Decoding the graphics
  5. What I do not know yet / What I need
  6. Thanks
  7. Changes





The latest version of this document can be found here:
http://www.via.ecp.fr/~sam/doc/dvd/





0. Introduction

  One of the last things we missed in DVD decoding under my system was the
decoding of subtitles. I found no information on the web or Usenet about them,
apart from a few words on them being run-length encoded in the DVD FAQ.

  So we decided to reverse-engineer their format (it's completely legal in
France, since we did it on interoperability purposes), and managed to get
almost all of it.





1. Basics

  DVD subtitles are hidden in private PS packets (0x000001ba), just like AC3
streams are.

  Within the PS packet, there are PES packets, and like AC3, the header for the
ones containing subtitles have a 0x000001bd header.
  As for AC3, where there's an ID like (0x80 + x), there's a subtitle ID equal
to (0x20 + x), where x is the subtitle ID. Thus there seems to be only
16 possible different subtitles on a DVD (my Taxi Driver copy has 16).

  I'll suppose you know how to extract AC3 from a DVD, and jump to the
interesting part of this documentation. Anyway you're unlikely to have
understood what I said without already being familiar with MPEG2.





2. The data structure

A subtitle packet, after its parts have been collected and appended, looks
like this :

   +----------------------------------------------------------+    
   |                                                          |
   |   0    2                                         size    |
   |   +----+------------------------+-----------------+      |
   |   |size|       data packet      |     control     |      |
   |   +----+------------------------+-----------------+      |
   |                                                          |
   |                     a subtitle packet                    |
   |                                                          |
   +----------------------------------------------------------+    

size is a 2 bytes word, and data packet and control may have any size.


Here is the structure of the data packet :

   +----------------------------------------------------------+    
   |                                                          |
   |   2    4                                        S0+2     |
   |   +----+------------------------------------------+      |
   |   | S0 |                  data                    |      |
   |   +----+------------------------------------------+      |
   |                                                          |
   |                      the data packet                     |
   |                                                          |
   +----------------------------------------------------------+    

S0, the data packet size, is a 2 bytes word.


Finally, here's the structure of the control packet :

   +----------------------------------------------------------+    
   |                                                          |
   | S0+2  S0+4                                 S1       size |
   |   +----+---------+---------+--+---------+--+---------+   |
   |   | S1 |ctrl seq |ctrl seq |..|ctrl seq |ff| end seq |   |
   |   +----+---------+---------+--+---------+--+---------+   |
   |                                                          |
   |                     the control packet                   |
   |                                                          |
   +----------------------------------------------------------+    

To summarize :

 - S1, at offset S0+2, the position of the end sequence
 - several control sequences
 - the 'ff' byte
 - the end sequence





3. Reading the control header

The first thing to read is the control sequences. There are several
types of them, and each type is determined by its first byte. As far
as I know, each type has a fixed length.

 * type 0x01 : '01' - 1 byte
  it seems to be an empty control sequence.

 * type 0x03 : '03wxyz' - 3 bytes
  this one has the palette information ; it basically says 'encoded color 0
 is the wth color of the palette, encoded color 1 is the xth color, aso.

 * type 0x04 : '04wxyz' - 3 bytes
  I *think* this is the alpha channel information ; I only saw values of 0 or f
 for those nibbles, so I can't really be sure, but it seems plausable.

 * type 0x05 : '05xxxXXXyyyYYY' - 7 bytes
  the coordinates of the subtitle on the screen :
   xxx is the first column of the subtitle
   XXX is the last column of the subtitle
   yyy is the first line of the subtitle
   YYY is the last line of the subtitle
  thus the subtitle's size is (XXX-xxx+1) x (YYY-yyy+1)

 * type 0x06 : '06xxxxyyyy' - 5 bytes
  xxxx is the position of the first graphic line, and yyyy is the position of
 the second one (the graphics are interlaced, so it helps a lot :p)

The end sequence has this structure:

 xxxx yyyy 02 ff (ff)

 it ends with 'ff' or 'ffff', to make the whole packet have an even length.

FIXME: I absolutely don't know what xxxx is. I suppose it may be some date
information since I found it nowhere else, but I can't be sure.

 yyyy is equal to S1 (see picture).


Example of a control header :
----
0A 0C 01 03 02 31 04 0F F0 05 00 02 CF 00 22 3E 06 00 06 04 E9 FF 00 93 0A 0C 02 FF
----
Let's decode it. First of all, S1 = 0x0a0c.

The control sequences are :
 01
   Nothing to say about this one
 03 02 31
   Color 0 is 0, color 1 is 2, color 2 is 3, and color 3 is 1.
 04 0F F0
   Colors 0 and 3 are transparent, and colors 2 and 3 are opaque (not sure of this one)
 05 00 02 CF 00 22 3E
   The first column is 0x000, the last one is 0x2cf, the first line is 0x002, and
   the last line is 0x23e. Thus the subtitle's size is 0x2d0 x 0x23d.
 06 00 06 04 E9
   The first encoded image starts at offset 0x006, and the second one starts at 0x04e9.

And the end sequence is :
  00 93 0A 0C 02 FF
   Which means... well, not many things now. We can at least verify that S1 (0x0a0c) is
   there.





4. Decoding the graphics

   The graphics are rather easy to decode (at least, when you know how to do it - it
  took us one whole week to figure out what the encoding was :p).

   The picture is interlaced, for instance for a 40 lines picture :

  line 0  ---------------#----------
  line 2  ------#-------------------
   ...
  line 38 ------------#-------------
  line 1  ------------------#-------
  line 3  --------#-----------------
   ...
  line 39 -------------#------------

   When decoding you should get:

  line 0  ---------------#----------
  line 1  ------------------#-------
  line 2  ------#-------------------
  line 3  --------#-----------------
   ...
  line 38 ------------#-------------
  line 39 -------------#------------

   Computers with weak processors could choose only to decode even lines
  in order to gain some time, for instance.


   The encoding is run-length encoded, with the following alphabet:

   0xf
   0xe
   0xd
   0xc
   0xb
   0xa
   0x9
   0x8
   0x7
   0x6
   0x5
   0x4
   0x3-
   0x2-
   0x1-
   0x0f-
   0x0e-
   0x0d-
   0x0c-
   0x0b-
   0x0a-
   0x09-
   0x08-
   0x07-
   0x06-
   0x05-
   0x04-
   0x03--
   0x02--
   0x01--
   0x0000

   '-' stands for any other nibble. Once a sequence X of this alphabet has
  been read, the pixels can be displayed : (X >> 2) is the number of pixels
  to display, and (X & 0x3) is the color of the pixel.

   For instance, 0x23 means "8 pixels of color 3".

   "0000" has a special meaning : it's a carriage return. The decoder should
  do a carriage return when reaching the end of the line, or when encountering
  this "0000" sequence. When doing a carriage return, the parser should be
  reset to the next even position (it cannot be nibble-aligned at the start
  of a line).

   After a carriage return, the parser should read a line on the other
  interlaced picture, and swap like this after each carriage return.

   Perhaps I don't explain this very well, so you'd better have a look at
  the enclosed source.





5. What I do not know yet / What I need

I don't know what's in the end sequence yet.

Also, I don't know exactly when to display subtitles, and when to remove them.

I don't know if there are other types of control sequences (in my programs I consider
0xff as a control sequence type, as well as 0x02. I don't know if it's correct or not,
so please comment on this).

I don't know what the "official" color palette is.

I don't know how to handle transparency information.

I don't know if this document is generic enough.

So what I need is you :

 - if you can, patch this document or my programs to fix strange behaviour with your subtitles.

 - send me your subtitles (there's a program to extract them enclosed) ; the first 10 KB
  of subtitles in a VOB should be enough, but it would be cool if you sent me one subtitle
  file per language.





6. Thanks

 Thanks to Michel Lespinasse <walken@via.ecp.fr> for his great help on understanding
the RLE stuff, and for all the ideas he had.

 Thanks to mass (David Waite) and taaz (David I. Lehn) from irc at
openprojects.net for sending me their subtitles.





7. Changes

 20000116: added the 'changes' section.
 20000116: added David Waite's and David I. Lehn's name.
 20000116: changed "x0" and "x1" to "S0" and "S1" to make it less confusing.




-- 
Paris, January 16th 2000
Samuel Hocevar <sam@via.ecp.fr>